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Wednesday, December 9, 2009

HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care

An international, peer-reviewed, open access journal focusing on advances in research in HIV, its clinical progression and management options including antiviral treatment, palliative care and public healthcare policies to control viral spread.

For specific topics covered in this journal please see the Aims and Scope.

Indexed on OAIster - The Open Access Initiative, which we are proud to support.

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Submit your paper to this journal and receive the following benefits, until further notice:

  • Rapid processing of your paper
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  • Delivery of a PDF of your paper for your personal use

Click here to start the process of submitting your paper.


Article Processing Statistics:

17 From submission of manuscript to first editorial decision (including peer-review)

31 From editorial acceptance to publication

New worm species

Living whales may seem scarce in the world's vast oceans—and their carcasses even more rare. But to animals and bacteria that feed on these graveyards, they are a rich source of life. And to one doctoral researcher in Sweden, they proved to be a source of several new species.

In her dissertation for the University of Gothenburg, Helena Wiklund describes nine new species of polychaete worms found living in whale carcasses and other nutrient-rich areas off the coast of Sweden, Norway and California.

A whale carcass can bring as much nutrition to the seafloor as would otherwise take some 2,000 years to filter down. Wiklund and her coauthors note that although the worms seem to be especially adapted to live in environments such as whale falls, where they feed off the bacteria that cover the bones, they seem to also be thriving in bacteria-rich areas of waste resulting from human activity, such as below fish farms and even pulp mills.

Male circumcision


Male circumcision 'may protect women against cervical cancer'

By Daily Mail Reporter
Last updated at 9:20 AM on 18th December 2008


Men who have been circumcised gain double protection against AIDS and the virus that causes cervical cancer in women, research shows.

Three new studies show that circumcision reduces the risk of both sexually transmitted infections in men and possibly their future sexual partners.

The reports, published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, will fuel the debate over whether men - and newborn boys - should be circumcised.


Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1097096/Male-circumcision-protect-women-cervical-cancer.html#ixzz0ZCrpUZN1

The ProClinica Experience


Mel Snyder founded ProClinica, an international medical marketing communications company in 1975, after starting his career at Burson-Marsteller and Medcom. ProClinica quickly developed a world-wide reputation for its unique sales-supportive educational/promotional programs: Sponsored CME programs, sales training programs, sales aids, journal advertising and professional/public relations programs.

ProClinica's clients and their best-remembered products include NEN/DuPont Imaging (thallium-201 imaging), Cutter Laboratories (Intralipid), Boots Laboratories (Synthroid, E-Mycin), and Campbell Soup (Intelligent Quisine).

For additional information please visit ProClinica.com

AIDS – official journal OF THE IAS

In order to supply our members with state-of-the-art information on topics related to HIV and AIDS, the IAS has adopted AIDS as its official journal.

As an IAS member you are entitled to AIDS at a 24%-50% discount!

Click here to see the 2010 rates for IAS members.

Publishing the very latest ground breaking research on HIV and AIDS, this outstanding journal continues to lead the field. Read by all the top clinicians and researchers, AIDS has one of the highest impacts of all AIDS-related journals.

AIDS publishes comprehensive reviews of the most significant advances commissioned from world experts and authoritative WHO-UNAIDS reports. With a Fast Track procedure for priority papers, you will see all the important work your colleagues are involved with in the shortest time possible.

Look for articles related to:
  • Basic and clinical science
  • Epidemiology
  • Social disciplines
  • Correspondence
  • And more!
Personal subscriptions include access to the full text online at www.aidsonline.com. View each issue as soon as it publishes, and enjoy timesaving search options and access to back issues.

AIDS is distributed directly from the publishing company, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins (LWW). The subscription is of calendar year - 1 January-31 December. For more information, please visit the AIDS website.

Tuesday, November 10, 2009

Product Information

Rapid Home Test for Hepatitis B and C Virus

Home Bio Test Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C rapid test determines if antibodies to the hepatitis B or C virus exist in your body. This test is easy-to-use in your own home and guarantees complete confidentiality.

The Silent Killer, Hepatitis C is a growing public health concern. Home Bio Test gives you a way to obtain a confidential answer to the question of your own Hepatitis status.

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Anyone who may have been exposed to hepatitis C through a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992; anyone who has had occupational exposure including healthcare work or military service; anyone that may have been exposed through sexual contact with someone known to be hepatitis B or C positive; and anyone that may have taken non-prescribed drugs or steroids by needle. Over 4 million Americans are infected.

Why Get Tested?
Early detection is important in determining appropriate treatments. Anyone who is infected with hepatitis C should refrain from drinking alcohol to avoid further liver damage.

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Hepatitis – Be Positive


Hepatitis B is a life-threatening liver disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). According to WHO reports it is a major global health issue with two million people being infected with HBV and 360 million people being afflicted with long- term liver infections.


Hepatitis B is more prevalent in China, the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia. It is also prevalent in the Amazonian regions and parts of central and Eastern Europe. In affluent countries of the US and Europe the incidence of the infection has significantly reduced due to widespread HBV vaccination programs.

Hepatitis B is the most serious of all forms of hepatitis. Infection during childhood is always followed by a chronic condition during adulthood. The clinical spectrum associated with adult infection ranges from a self limiting acute stage with complete viral clearance (in the majority) to a symptom-free carrier state which can progress to a chronic state that puts the patients (5-10%) at a higher risk of developing cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Viral determinants and the immuno-competence of the patients have been implicated in the progression of the disease.

Modes of Transmission

HBV is a virus that is more potent than the HIV with a mode of transmission similar to the AIDS virus. It is transmitted by coming in contact with the infected person’s body fluids such as blood or semen. Some of the common methods of transmission include-

• Mother to baby (peri-natal)

• Childhood infections (interpersonal associations)

• Using infected injection needles

• Blood transfusions

Structure of the hepatitis B virus

(Acknowledgement: Baruch S. Blumberg)The identification of HBV led to the development of vaccines using HBsAg particles isolated from the serum of chronic carriers and later, after the genome of the HBV had been cloned, recombinant DNA vaccines.

HBV has been classified into eight genotypes, each with a distinct geographical and ethnic distribution:

Genotypes A and D - Africa, Europe and India
Genotypes B and C - Asia
Genotype E - West Africa
Genotype F - Central and South America
Genotype G - France, Germany and the USA
Genotype H - Central America

Hepatitis B presents clinical staff with many difficult challenges. Disease management is still developing, influenced by the introduction of new drugs and the evolution of new data. Treatment is complicated, may be costly and time consuming. While there is an effective vaccination for HBV, it is not universally available. Dealing with patient uncertainties about therapy and the social and occupational implications arising from this may present further problems.

This section reviews current understanding about hepatitis B and provides a framework for optimal management of the disease by health professionals.
Hep B virus

Hepatitis B Vaccine


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HIV and Hepatitis B or C

filed under: HIV hepatitis B C treatment BHIVA guidelines

BHIVA has written new guidelines for the management of co-infection with HIV and hepatitis B or C and want people's comments. These guidelines replace the existing separate guidelines for HIV and Hepatitis B, and HIV and Hepatitis C. You can make your comments at the BHIVA website


These 2009 guidelines incorporate all new relevant information since the previous versions in 2005.

For 2009 we have decided to amalgamate the two guides for hepatitis coinfection into a single document. This avoids duplication, because general treatment for chronic liver disease is similar for both.


The translation of study data into clinical practice is often difficult, even with the best possible evidence, because of differences in factors such as trial design and inclusion criteria. Recommendations based upon expert opinion have the weakest evidence but provide an important reason for writing the guidelines – to produce a consensual opinion about current practice. The Writing Group seeks to provide guidelines that optimize treatment and management, but this needs to be tailored to fit the person - the draft is not suggesting a fixed standard for all.



Changes
The major changes/amendments include:

* More discussion on hepatitis screening and prevention;
* Clarification on the role of liver biopsy and non-invasive liver fibrosis assessment;
* More emphasis on screening for delta virus;
* More discussion on end-stage liver disease management and HCC screening;
* Molecular diagnostic tests used for the diagnosis and management of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C;
* Revised CD4-based guidance on the management of chronic Hepatitis B;
* Management of acute Hepatitis B;
* Revised guidance on the management of chronic HCV, including ART interactions;
* Management of acute Hepatitis C
* Management of treatment non-responders and relapsers in both chronic Hepatitis B and C.



The consultation deadline is 5 June

BHIVA consultation page

Managing Coinfection with HIV and Hep B and C download the pdf

Online feedback form

Hepatitis B, C Test


Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Are Both Treatable and Curable in Many Cases. The Safest Thing To Do is To Take the Test.
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For only $199 dollars you'll receive a Confidential Hepatitis B and C Test at a National Laboratory in your area.

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Viral Hepatitis is a group of disease that infect the liver. Three viruses - Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the most frequent viruses, and these are the viruses we test for.

Hepatitis A is a frequent virus of childhood and is not considered a deadly and serious infection. Vaccinations are available for Hepatitis A is you are going to third world country where hepatitis A is prevalent and you are not immune. .

Hepatitis B is an infectious viral disease transmitted by body fluids or needles. This panel can help determine if you are an infectious carrier of Hepatitis B, or if you have been exposed to Hepatitis B and are not infectious. Hepatitis B can cause severe acute infections and severe chronic infections. It is important to know your hepatitis B status because it is not rare and it can have serious long term effects that can be treated. Our Test for hepatitis B shows if you are immune, if you have been infected or are infectious.

If you have no reaction (Not immune) to Hepatitis B virus and have a lifestyle that exposes you to body fluids of other people, a vaccine can protect you. It is now a standard shot for children before they enter elementary school.

Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood routes, needles, tattoos and sexual activity. This test indicates if you have been exposed to Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is a quiet virus that may not be noticed except for mildly elevated liver enzymes checked for by the health panel. This virus may slowly eat away at your liver causing scarring and damage and finally almost total liver destruction.

The good news about Hepatitis B and C is that these viruses are treatable and the infected person in many cases can be totally cured and rendered virus free. The hepatitis panel we offer for Hepatitis B and C is available for $199. It takes 3 to 6 months after exposure to develop hepatitis antibodies. Results usually return in 3 to 5 days.

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Hepatitis B (HBV)

What is hepatitis B (HBV)?

Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B has a wide range of clinical presentations. It can be mild, without symptoms, or it may cause chronic hepatitis. In some cases, when infants and young children acquire hepatitis B, they are at high risk for chronic liver disease and liver failure. Transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs through blood and body fluid exposure such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or saliva. Infants may also develop the disease if they are born to a mother who has the virus. Infected children often spread the virus to other children if there is frequent contact (i.e., household contact) or a child has many scrapes or cuts. The following describes persons who are at risk for developing hepatitis B:

* children born to mothers who have hepatitis B
* children who are born to mothers who have immigrated from a country where hepatitis B is widespread such as southeast Asia and China
* children who live in long-term care facilities or who are disabled
* children who live in households where another member is infected with the virus
* children who have a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia and require blood products
* children who require dialysis for kidney failure
* adolescents who may participate in high-risk activities such as IV drug use and/or unprotected heterosexual or homosexual contact

People can contract hepatitis B virus infection without knowing how they got it. About one-third of hepatitis B cases in the United States have an unknown source.
Why is hepatitis B a concern?

The younger the person, the greater the likelihood of staying infected with hepatitis B and having life-long liver problems, such as scarring of the liver and liver cancer.
Hepatitis B immunization:

A vaccine for Hepatitis B does exist and is now widely used for routine childhood immunization. Children currently receive the first vaccine between birth and 2 months, the second vaccine at 1 to 4 months and the third vaccine at 6 to 18 months. The vaccine is generally required for all children born on or after January 1, 1992, before they enter school. The vaccine is available for older children who may have not been immunized before 1992 and is recommended before age 11 or 12. Hepatitis B vaccine will prevent this disease. Three doses are needed for full and lasting immunity. Hepatitis B vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.

* Infants of mothers that have hepatitis should receive hepatitis B immune globulin and the hepatitis B vaccine in the first 12 hours of birth.
* Infants of hepatitis B-negative mothers can receive the first dose up to 2 months of age.
* The second dose must be given at least one month after the first dose.
* The third dose must be given at least two months after the second dose and at least four months after the first. The third dose should not be given to infants younger than 6 months of age.
* Catch-up immunization may occur between 7 to 18 years of age.

What are the risks from hepatitis B vaccine?

A vaccine, like any medication, is capable of causing serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. The risk of hepatitis B vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small. Persons who have a life-threatening allergy to baker's yeast should not receive the hepatitis B vaccine.

Receiving hepatitis B vaccine is much safer than contracting hepatitis B disease. Most people who receive hepatitis B vaccine do not have any problems with it. Risks may include:

* soreness in the location where the shot was given, lasting a day or two
* fever
* serious allergic reaction (very rare)

How do I care for my child after immunization with hepatitis B vaccine?

* Give your child an aspirin-free pain reliever, as directed by your child's physician.
* Watch for signs of reaction such as high fever, difficulty breathing, behavior change, fast heart rate, or dizziness. Report these or any other unusual signs immediately to your child's physician.

Introduction The hepatitis B virus


The hepatitis B virus is classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as the world’s second greatest carcinogen after tobacco.

Type B hepatitis is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small enveloped DNA virus that infects the liver causing hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. HBV can cause either an acute illness or chronic, persistent infection. Acute or chronic infection can lead to severe liver damage and is therefore potentially fatal.

After the identification in 1965 of the hepatitis B surface antigen, called HBsAg, hepatitis B was clearly linked to the development of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The virus and subviral particles were identified in serum and the genome of the virus was isolated and characterised as a small circular molecule of DNA.

General Information


General Information
Members of the Hepadnaviridae Family | Clinical Manifestations | Epidemiology | High Risk Populations | Transmission | Tropism | Cancer

Members of the Hepadnaviridae Family:

HEPADNAVIRIDAE family lineage

Orthohepadnavirus (mammals) genus

DHBV - Duck Hepatitis Virus (Ducks and Geese)

HHBV - Heron Hepatitis B virus

Others: Ross' Goose Hepatitis B virus, snow goose hepatitis B virus, and stork hepatitis B virus

Avihepadnavirus (avian) genus

HBV - Hepatitis B Virus (Humans and Chimps)

WHV - Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (Woodchucks)

GSHV - Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Virus (Squirrels, woodchucks, chipmunks)

WMHV - Wooly Monkey Virus (Wooly Monkey)

Others: Old World and New World primate viruses

WHV and GSHV both are morphologically the same as HBV and have about 60% of the same sequence as HBV. HBV only grows in humans and chimps, but not baboons or lower animal species.

Clinical Manifestations: How do you know you have Hepatitis B?

30% of infected individuals do NOT have symptoms. Those who do present with jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomitting, and joint pain. Fever can be absent or mild. After infection, the incubation period between exposure and first symptoms is 45-120 days, averaging around 60-90 days. This period is affected by the amount of virus in the inoculum, mode of transmission, and factors relating to the host. Primary infection is usually associated with little or no liver disease and mild to fulminant hepatitis.

The next phase of disease, icteric phase, usually occurs 10 days after symptoms begin. Dark urine followed by pale stools, yellowish coloring in the mucous membranes, conjunctivae, sclerae (whites of eyes), and skin then appear. Clinically, Jaundice is indicated by bilirubin levels of 20-40mg/L. It is accompanied by hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.

The infection usually resolves after 4-8 weeks. Most patients recover with few consequences and without recurrence in the future. Young children rarely are affected and develop disease; however those that are are at a high risk of becoming chronic carriers, especially if they are under the age of 7.

The hallmark of acute Hep B infection is a large increase in serum transaminase (aminotransferase) activity.
Epidemiology: Where is Hepatitis B found?

There are 350 million carriers of Hepatitis B worldwide and most of them are concentrated in developing countries. Hepatitis B is a disease of the poor. Sub-Saharan Africa, most of Asia, and the Pacific are hit hardest. The Amazon, southern parts of Eastern Europe, and Central Europe are also affected. In Western Europe and the United States, the prevalence is only 1%. It is estimated that there are 1.2 million carriers in the United States. Most of these individuals are infected during childhood and up to 10% of them become chronically infected. In these regions, liver cancer is one of the top 3 killers of adult males.

estimated that about 4 million people

It is estimated that about 4 million people in the United States are infected with hepatitis C, which is about 2% of the population. This makes hepatitis C much more common than HIV infection. There is an estimated 200 million people infected with HCV world wide.

And then there is Hepatitis B, a more readily transmitted virus which is rapidly becoming an monumental epidemic. Some facts bout Hepatitis B:

* 2 billion people have been infected with HCB (1 out of 3 people).
* 400 million people are chronically infected.
* 10-30 million will become infected each year.
* An estimated 1 million people die each year from hepatitis B and its complications.
* Approximately 2 people die each minute from hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C and B have been compared to a “viral time bomb”.

Apparently on the 19th May 2009 a few days prior the exact Jupiter Chiron Neptune conjunction the countries of the world celebrate “World Hepatitis Day”. Lets hope that the news is good and that the World Health Organisation announces research advancements in the fight against our many diseases and viral threats. God forbid that Swine Flu has any chance of advancing in the world.

The three major planetary bodies of Chiron, Jupiter and Neptune are highlighting the nature of our Global health. The conjunction is operating in “unseeable” or collective frameworks. One could say that our world is not in good shape presently. The stress from our global financial recession, our environmental issues and the threats of disease are major underlying themes that we cannot ignore in our lives. The question is how will we help reduce the stress in the face of our current realities? Society has tended to use drugs and alcohol and even take spiritual avenues to quell the stresses of too much reality. I cant see those options changing in the near future.

Chiron, Jupiter and Neptune are co joining to highlight our global health predicaments. The Cosmos usually throws something at us so that we sit up and take notice.

Our World is in a state of ill-health it seems – hopefully the Doctor is on his way?

Kingsley

PayTC.US


PayTC.US

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bloodborne pathogen)
Jump to: navigation, search

A blood-borne disease is one that can be spread by contamination by blood.

The most common examples are HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

Diseases that are not usually transmitted directly by blood contact, but rather by insect or other vector, are more usefully classified as vector-borne disease, even though the causative agent can be found in blood. Vector-borne diseases include West Nile virus and malaria.

Many blood-borne diseases can also be transmitted by other means.

Since it is difficult to determine what pathogens any given blood contains, and some blood-borne diseases are lethal, standard medical practice regards all blood (and any body fluid) as potentially infective. Blood and Body Fluid precautions are a type of infection control practice that seeks to minimize this sort of disease transmission.

Blood for blood transfusion is screened for many blood-borne diseases.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-borne_disease"

Category: Infectious diseases

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A Hepatitis-Diabetes

A Hepatitis-Diabetes Connection?

It may be hepatitis coinfiection -- and not anti-HIV medications -- that is putting you at risk for diabetes, researchers say.
Researchers examining the possibility of a link between HIV infection and the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes instead found that another common coinfection might be behind the high rates of diabetes among HIVers: hepatitis C. An analysis of more than 6,400 patients at Veterans Affairs hospitals has shown that HIV-HCV coinfection was a strong predictor of increased diabetes risk. Hepatitis or HIV infections alone were not. Other factors associated with increased diabetes risks included being male, being nonwhite, having a high body mass index, and using nucleoside analog or nonnuke medications.

Saturday, October 10, 2009

Who should get PSA testing?


Who should get PSA testing?

LINTHICUM, MD, April 27, 2009The American Urological Association (AUA) today issued new clinical guidance which directly contrasts recent recommendations issued by other major groups about prostate cancer screening, asserting that the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test should be offered to well-informed, men aged 40 years or older who have a life expectancy of at least 10 years. The PSA test, as well as how it is used to guide patient care (e.g., at what age men should begin regular testing, intervals at which the test should be repeated, at what point a biopsy is necessary) is highly controversial; however, the AUA believes that, when offered and interpreted appropriately the PSA test may provide essential information for the diagnosis, pre-treatment staging or risk evaluation and post-treatment monitoring of prostate cancer.

The new Best Practice Statement updates the AUA's prior guidance, which was issued in 2000. Major changes to the AUA statement include new recommendations about who should be considered for PSA testing, as well as when a biopsy is indicated following an abnormal PSA reading. As per the AUA, early detection and risk evaluation of prostate cancer should be offered to well-informed men 40 years of age or older who have a life expectancy of at least 10 years. The future risk of prostate cancer is closely correlation to a man's PSA score; a baseline PSA level above the median for age 40 is a strong predictor of prostate cancer. Such testing may not only allow for earlier detection of more curable cancers, but may also allow for more efficient, less frequent testing. Men who wish to be screened for prostate cancer should have both a PSA test and a digital rectal exam (DRE). The Statement also notes that other factors such as family history, age, overall health and ethnicity should be combined with the results of PSA testing and physical examination in order to better determine the risk of prostate cancer. The Statement recommends that the benefits and risks of screening of prostate cancer should be discussed including the risk of over-detection, detecting some cancers which may not need immediate therapy.........

VITAMINS & PROSTATE CANCER


VITAMINS & PROSTATE CANCER

Listen up if you're a man and are popping large amounts of vitamins and dietary supplements in the hope that they'll improve your health. You may instead be raising your risk of prostate cancer.

About one-third of the 300,000 men in a National Institutes of Health (NIH) study of prostate cancer were taking a daily multivitamin; and the approximately 5 percent of them who were swallowing more than 7 multivitamin tablets a week had a 32 percent increased risk of advanced prostate cancer and a two-fold greater risk of dying of prostate cancer.


The strongest association with these advanced forms of prostate cancer was found among the men who had a family history of prostate cancer or who took other supplements like selenium, beta-carotene, or zinc along with the extra amounts of multivitamin pills.

Taking one or more multivitamin pills a day did not raise the risk of localized prostate cancer, so it is possible that the vitamins did not cause prostate cancer but instead prodded cancer cells that were already present to grow faster.

Now, add to these findings from the NIH study above some more bad news for supplement takers, this time about lycopene, a carotene abundant in tomatoes that earlier large studies had found protected against prostate cancer.



A study of more than 28,000 men between the ages of 55 and 74 from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle has demonstrated that higher blood levels of lycopene did not diminish the risk of either total or aggressive prostate cancer. Moreover, the men with the highest blood levels of beta-carotene had a 3-fold greater risk of aggressive prostate cancer than did those with the lowest beta-carotene levels.

This latter finding is not surprising, since earlier studies demonstrated that taking supplements of beta-carotene increased the risk of lung cancer among cigarette smokers.



And, just for good measure, another small study at Wake Forest University recently found that adding lycopene to one's dietary supplements did not slow the progression of cancer in men with recurrent prostate cancer.

Still, it's difficult to understand how extra doses of multivitamins would foster aggressive prostate cancer or why the latest results show no protection from higher blood levels of lycopene when earlier observations found that a higher intake of lycopene reduced prostate cancer risk.

While much data indicate that ample intake of fruits and vegetables protects against cancer, the discrepant findings in the studies described above illustrate how difficult it can be to prove that a particular dietary component will prevent cancer.



Quite frankly, I'm not sure that taking an extra multivitamin pill a week is harmful or that lycopene fails to prevent aggressive prostate cancer. I do agree, however, with the position of the American Cancer Society (ACS), which does not recommend the use of multivitamin supplements but recommends instead that people get their vitamins from natural food sources.

And I continue to decry the gullibility of the American public, whose naïve trust encourages the practices of manufacturers of vitamins and other dietary supplements. Whenever a study suggests that something new may have health benefits, these manufacturers stuff it into a pill, advertise it stridently so that Americans waste lots of money on it, and end up with big profits.

CT Scans Increase Cancer


CT Scans Increase Cancer

RiskPhysicians should review a patient's CT imaging history and cumulative radiation dose when considering whether to perform another CT exam, as per scientists at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.

The study included 130 patients who had at least three emergency department visits within one year in which they had a Computerized axial tomography scan of the neck, chest, abdomen or pelvis. "We gathered the recent CT exam histories for each of these patients and observed that half had undergone ten or more Computerized axial tomography scans in the prior eight years, up to a maximum of 70 Computerized axial tomography scans," said Aaron Sodickson, MD, PhD. "Using typical dose values and standard risk estimation methods, we calculated that half of our group had accrued additional radiation-induced cancer risks above baseline greater than 1 in 110, up to a maximum of 1 in 17".

"A patient's cumulative risk of radiation-induced cancers is believed to increase with increasing cumulative radiation dose. The level of risk is further increased for patients scanned at young ages and is in general greater for women than for men. There is no absolute threshold, however, and the potential risks of radiation induced cancer must be balanced against the expected clinical benefits of the Computerized axial tomography scan for the patient's particular scenario," he said.........

CT colonography Cost Effective?


Is CT colonography Cost Effective?

CT colonography is a relatively new imaging technology that can be used to examine the large bowel and rectum where these cancers occur. It is a noninvasive technique that reveals cancer lesions and polyps with nearly the same sensitivity and specificity as colonoscopy, without the risks of bowel perforation.

A study by Heitman and colleagues from Canada compares the costs and effectiveness of CT colonography to the conventional colonoscopy for screening. They found that screening 100 000 patients with CT colonography would cost $2.3 million more (in Canadian dollars) than with colonoscopy, and would avoid 3.8 fatal perforations, but at the same time, this method would lead to 4.1 cancer-related deaths from polyps not seen with CT, which would later become malignant. (Colonoscopy is slightly more sensitive than CT colonography, and could be expected to detect a certain number of polyps that the CT method would miss.)

New technologies are always attractive. Because CT colonography does not physically invade the body, it has even more appeal, it is easier for patients to accept. Its cost, however, is much higher, and its benefit (in terms of years of living that are gained) is only slightly lower than when colonoscopy is used.

Diabetic Hearts Make Unhealthy Switch


Diabetic Hearts Make Unhealthy Switch

The high-fat "diet" that diabetic heart muscle consumes helps make cardiovascular disease the most common killer of diabetic patients, according to a study done at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. The study will appear in the February 7 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology and is now available online.

Sixty-five percent of people with diabetes die from heart attack or stroke. When the researchers investigated fuel consumption in heart muscle, they found that heart muscle of type 1 diabetic patients relies heavily on fat and very little on sugar for its energy needs.

In contrast, heart muscle in non-diabetics doesn't have this strong preference for fat and can use either sugar (glucose) or fat for energy, depending on blood composition, hormone levels or how hard the heart is working.

"The diabetic heart's overdependence on fat could partly explain why diabetic patients suffer more pronounced manifestations of coronary artery disease," says senior author Robert J. Gropler, M.D., professor of radiology, medicine and biomedical engineering and director of the Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at the School of Medicine. "The heart needs to use much more oxygen to metabolize fats than glucose, making the diabetic heart more sensitive to drops in oxygen levels that occur with coronary artery blockage."

Compared to non-diabetics, diabetic patients often have larger infarctions and suffer more heart failure and sudden death when the heart experiences an ischemic (low-oxygen) event.

Reocgnition of HIV


Reocgnition of HIV
HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is past by semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk. There are four ways HIV can be spread: birth, unprotected sex, dirty needles or through blood transfusion. HIV is spreading across the US and the world. The United Nations estimated that HIV as killed over 26 million since it was first recognized.

Dropping condom use may up HIV infections


Dropping condom use may up HIV infections four-fold in 10yrs
* HIV
* United Kingdom

London, July 25 : Australian researchers have rubbished suggestions that patients who have been effectively treated with antiretroviral drugs, and have no genital infections, don’t have to worry about transmitting the virus to others through unprotected sex.

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Specific white blood cell


Specific white blood cell subset expansion may be HIV progression biomarker
* HIV
* United States

Washington, Mar 28 : According to the researchers at the Temple University, an increase in a specific white blood cell subset could be a biomarker for the progression of HIV disease.

Monocyte is a specific white blood cell, a part of the human body’s immune system that protects against blood-borne pathogens and moves quickly to sites of infection within the body’s tissues.

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cancer victims stage dramatic recovery after drug trial



Two prostate cancer victims stage dramatic recovery after drug trial

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1194315/Inoperable-prostate-cancer-patients-stage-dramatic-recovery-drug-trial.html#ixzz0RgMxJbjp


Mayo clinic urologist Dr Michael Blute said: 'The tumours had shrunk dramatically.

I had never seen anything like this before. I had a hard time finding the cancer. At one point the pathologist asked if we were sending him samples from the same patient.'

One patient underwent radiation treatment after surgery.

Further research is planned to understand more about the mechanisms of the antibody and how best to use it on patients.

Dr Kwon said: 'This is one of the holy grails of prostate cancer research. We've been looking for this for years.'

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1194315/Inoperable-prostate-cancer-patients-stage-dramatic-recovery-drug-trial.html#ixzz0RgN17kM0

Conflict of interest in cancer studies


Conflict of interest in cancer studies

Nearly one-third of cancer research published in high-impact journals disclosed a conflict of interest, as per a newly released study from scientists at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center.

The most frequent type of conflict was industry funding of the study, which was seen in 17 percent of papers. Twelve percent of papers had a study author who was an industry employee. Randomized trials with reported conflicts of interest were more likely to have positive findings.

"Given the frequency we observed for conflicts of interest and the fact that conflicts were linked to study outcomes, I would suggest that merely disclosing conflicts is probably not enough. It's becoming increasingly clear that we need to look more at how we can disentangle cancer research from industry ties," says study author Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil., assistant professor of radiation oncology at the U-M Medical School.

The scientists looked at 1,534 cancer research studies published in prominent journals. Results of this current study appear online in the journal Cancer

"A serious concern is individuals with conflicts of interest will either consciously or unconsciously be biased in their analyses. As researchers, we have an obligation to treat the data objectively and in an unbiased fashion. There appears to be some relationships that compromise a researcher's ability to do that," Jagsi says.........

Statins may reduce the risk of prostate cancer


Statins may reduce the risk of prostate cancer

Cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins may reduce inflammation in prostate tumors, possibly hindering cancer growth, as per a research studyled by researchers in the Duke Prostate Center.

"Prior studies have shown that men taking statins seem to have a lower occurence rate of advanced prostate cancer, but the mechanisms by which statins might be affecting the prostate remained largely unknown," said Lionel Baez, M.D., a researcher in the Duke Prostate Center and lead investigator on this study. "We looked at tumor samples and observed that men who were on statins had a 72 percent reduction in risk for tumor inflammation, and we believe this might play a role in the correlation between prostate cancer and statin use".

The scientists presented their finding at the American Urological Association's annual meeting on April 26, 2009, and the study was selected to be part of the meeting's press program on April 27, 2009. The study was funded by the United States Department of Defense and the American Urological Association Foundation.

The scientists looked at pathological information from the tumors of 254 men who underwent radical prostatectomy or surgery to remove the entire prostate as a therapy for prostate cancer at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 1993 and 2004. The tissue was graded by a pathologist for inflammation on a scale of 0 to 2: 0 for no inflammation, 1 for mild inflammation (less than 10 percent of the tumor) and 2 for marked inflammation (greater than 10 percent of the tumor).........

Targeting tumors using gold nanorods


Targeting tumors using gold nanorods

MIT researchers developed these gold nanorods that absorb energy from near-infrared light and emit it as heat, destroying cancer cells. Photo / Sangeeta Bhatia Laboratory; MIT

It has long been known that heat is an effective weapon against tumor cells. However, it's difficult to heat patients' tumors without damaging nearby tissues.

Now, MIT scientists have developed tiny gold particles that can home in on tumors, and then, by absorbing energy from near-infrared light and emitting it as heat, destroy tumors with minimal side effects.

Such particles, known as gold nanorods, could diagnose as well as treat tumors, says MIT graduate student Geoffrey von Maltzahn, who developed the tumor-homing particles with Sangeeta Bhatia, professor in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) and in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, a member of the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.

Von Maltzahn and Bhatia describe their gold nanorods in two papers recently published in Cancer Research and Advanced Materials. In March, von Maltzahn won the Lemelson-MIT Student Prize, in part for his work with the nanorods.

Cancer affects about seven million people worldwide, and that number is projected to grow to 15 million by 2020. Most of those patients are treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation, which are often effective but can have debilitating side effects because it's difficult to target tumor tissue.........

prints and printmakers


prints and printmakers
Thursday, September 17, 2009
Hiv and punishments
Félix Vallotton (1865-1925) was born in Lausanne, which is now home to the Fondation Félix Vallotton. He moved to Paris in 1882 to study under Jules Joseph Lefebvre and Gustave Boulanger at the Académie Julian. In 1891 Félix Vallotton made his first woodcut, an art to which he devoted much of his time for the next decade, inspired by the Japanese ukiyo-e prints that were such a formative influence on the Impressionists, post-Impressionists, and Symbolists. Also in the 1890s Vallotton was a key member of the post-Impressionist alliance known as Les Nabis; he was particularly close to Édouard Vuillard, Pierre Bonnard, and Maurice Denis. As a printmaker, Félix Vallotton is best-known for his woodcuts, but he also produced some powerful lithographs, in particular the 23 original colour lithographs that comprise the 1902 Crimes et Châtiments issue of the anarchist satirical journal L'Assiette au Beurre, protesting oppression by all forms of authority: the state, church, bosses, parents, sexual predators, and especially the police.
A note on the back cover tells us that "The current number presents many innovations. It is lithographed, it is only printed on the recto, and its format is larger than ordinary issues of L'Assiette au Beurre." It is worth noting that this was the only issue of which this can be said. Paul Balluriau did illustrate an issue with original lithographs, but they were printed on recto and verso. In practically all other issues, the illustrations (even those by major figures such as Kees van Dongen) were reproduced drawings rather than original prints. I think L'Assiette au Beurre was right to accord this extra respect to these marvellous lithographs by Félix Vallotton, which are angry, powerful, funny, and always drawn with the most expressive of lines, and the subtlest use of tiny patches of colour. I'll let them speak for themselves, with the original captions and my free translations (and of course will be grateful for any improvements to these).

drug users who share needles


I.V. drug users who share needles and/or syringes face a much greater risk of infection than hospital workers who accidentally prick themselves on infected syringes, as the full contents of a syringe is dumped directly into a vein along with the contaminated blood of other users.

One 1987 Australian study indicated that 2% of Australians had injected themselves with a drug at least once in the previous 12 months.[vi] I.V. drug use is the major IV transmission vector aside from anal sex. Three Australian studies showed the rising prevalence of HIV infection in the I.V. dug-using community, based on rates of contaminated syringes. In 1985 the rate was 0.5%; in 1986 the figure was 1% and in 1987 some centers reported a 10% infection rate. These figures could be slightly inflated by the regular return of syringes to needle exchange centers by a few heavy users, but by 1988 one of the centers alone was giving out around 2,500 needles a month in Sydney’s King’s Cross. In February 1988, 10-15% of 1,500 returned needles in three inner-city suburbs were infected.

[vii] “These kids are homeless and routinely take serepax, alcohol, speed, heroin or combinations of all these drugs,” said the director of the King’s Cross Kirketon Road Centre. “They are living very dangerous lives anyway.

“They view AIDS as just one concern and probably not as important as having a full stomach or somewhere to stay. A virus that will not appear for three or four or five years… well, it’s very difficult for them to grasp.”
The New South Wales State Government started a pilot needle exchange at one centre in November 1986. In the first nine months of operation 14,000 needles were handed out, so the scheme was expanded.[viii]

In New York and many other places it’s still (on writing) illegal to for non-insulin users to possess a hypodermic syringe, which has meant that some users hire their used syringes out to other users, often using abandoned buildings as ‘shooting galleries’.

Mainly as a result of such outdated legislation, 1988 figures from the Bronx indicated that half of the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 I.V. drug users there may have been infected with HIV.

“A quarter of these AIDS victims are women,” according to Dr Ernst Drucker, an epidemiologist who ran the Montefiore Medical Centre’s community health and drug addiction programmes.

[ix] 1988 New York City Health Department figures show that 52 out of 650 homeless youths under the age of 21 who came to the Covenant House crisis centre were infected with HIV.

“Fifty-two people tested positive, but the most startling statistic we have come up with is that the incidence of antibodies to AIDS among the males and females (in these 52) is exactly the same,” said medical director Dr Jim Kennedy of Covenant House, located two blocks from Times Square.
“What has already happened with AIDS in New York is very interesting. First the incidence of AIDS in gay men has peaked and is going down. The incidence of I.V. drug users getting AIDS is going up and up,” said Dr Kennedy.[x]

The demonstrated prevalence of I>V> drug use in the U.S., Australia and the rest of the developed world shows how easily I.V. drug users can account for most HIV cases classed as ‘heterosexual’ or ‘other/unknown’ (see AIDS – The Heterosexual Myth). When added to the reported and unreported incidence of anal sex and bisexuality (see part 3), most – if not all – cases attributed to possible heterosexual transmission of AIDS are accounted for.

XMRV Virus--A Sexually Transmitted Disease?


Virochips, Prostate Cancer, XMRV Virus--A Sexually Transmitted Disease?

We know that several viruses are linked to cancer, including Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV), and others. We know that HPV is spread sexually, making cervical cancer a de facto STD. Now we learn that prostate cancer, at least in some cases, is linked to a virus that has never been found in humans before. This discovery was made possible by a Virochip, a diagnostic device that allows simultaneous testing for 1000 viruses.

This News-Medical-Net release discusses a new finding that a virus, XMRV, has been found in prostate specimens in 8 of 20 men with prostate cancer and two mutated copies of a gene, RNaseL. RNaseL gene serves as a protective mechanism against some viruses. If the gene is mutated, it can no longer protect as well against viral infection.

In a study of 150 men, the researchers identified the virus, called XMRV, and determined that it is 25 times more likely to be found in prostate cancer patients with a specific genetic mutation than men without the mutation.

"This is a virus that has never been seen in humans before," said co- author Eric Klein, M.D., Head of Urologic Oncology at the Glickman Urologic Institute of Cleveland Clinic. "This is consistent with previous epidemiologic and genetic research that has suggested that prostate cancer may result from chronic inflammation, perhaps as a response to infection."

Cleveland Clinic researcher, Robert H. Silverman, Ph.D., previously discovered a gene called RNaseL that fights viral infections. Men with mutations in this gene are at greater risk for prostate cancer. In their study, Cleveland Clinic and University of California researchers examined tissue samples of 86 prostate cancer patients whose prostates had been surgically removed.

....The ViroChip contains genetic sequences of more than 1,000 viruses. Using the chip and the patient samples from Cleveland Clinic, they found the XMRV virus in eight (40%) of the 20 men with two mutated copies of the RNaseL gene and only (1.5%) of the 66 men who had one copy or no copy of the mutated gene. Laboratory pathology at Cleveland Clinic confirmed the presence of the virus in prostate tissue.

While the genetics of prostate cancer are complex, one of the first genes implicated in the process was RNaseL, which serves as an important antiviral defense mechanism. Given the anti-viral role of this gene, some scientists have speculated that a virus could be involved in a subset of prostate cancer cases.

"While we can't state that this virus causes prostate cancer, these are remarkable findings because of the association of the virus with the mutation," said Dr. Robert Silverman, collaborating investigator in the study. "This project was possible only because of the willingness of physicians and scientists in different areas of expertise at the two institutions to work closely together towards a common goal, that of identifying a new infectious agent in prostate cancer."

SWINE FLU MAY POSE PROBLEMS FOR PREGNANT

SWINE FLU MAY POSE PROBLEMS FOR PREGNANT

"Pregnant women are at higher risk of complications of influenza, whether it's the seasonal influenza or pandemics of the past. We are also seeing some severe complications in women with this year's novel H1N1 virus," Dr. Anne Schuchat, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's interim deputy director for science and public health program, said during an afternoon teleconference".



The CDC is investigating 20 cases of pregnant women with the swine flu, several of whom experienced complications, Schuchat said. Complications can include pneumonia, dehydration and premature birth.

"It is very important that doctors who are caring for pregnant women they suspect may have influenza, that they issue prompt treatment with antiviral medicines," she said.


Doctors can be reluctant to treat pregnant women with antiviral drugs such as Tamiflu and Relenza, and pregnant women may be reluctant to take them out of fear that they may pose a risk during pregnancy, Schuchat said. "Experts who have looked into this situation strongly say that the benefits of using antiviral drugs to treat influenza in a pregnant woman outweigh the theoretical concerns about the drugs," she said.



Of the three swine-flu related deaths in the United States, one involved a 33-year-old pregnant woman from Texas who had other health problems before she was infected with the virus.

Schuchat said Monday that federal health officials were shifting their focus from individual cases of infection to trying to project what is likely to occur with the virus in the fall. Because the new virus -- technically called H1N1 -- is a highly unusual genetic mix of bird, pig and human viruses, health officials worry that it could continue to mutate and return in a more virulent form for next winter's flu season.



The CDC is concerned with what will happen as this new virus moves into the Southern Hemisphere, where the flu season is about to start. The agency is also preparing for the virus' likely return in the fall to the Northern Hemisphere, Schuchat said.

As of Tuesday, there were slightly more than 3,000 confirmed cases in 45 states and the District of Columbia, with three confirmed deaths and 116 people hospitalized. All three patients who have died in the United States had underlying health problems before their infection with the flu.

Testing has found that the swine flu virus remains susceptible to two common antiviral drugs, Tamiflu and Relenza, according to the CDC.



Schuchat said Monday that the confirmed cases were likely just the tip of the iceberg. Many people who become ill don't seek medical attention and are never tested for this strain of flu. "The numbers we are reporting are a minority of the actual infections that are occurring in the country," she said.

Reporting Monday in the journal Science, researchers from the World Health Organization said the swine flu epidemic has pandemic potential and is likely to be comparable to other 20th century pandemics -- at least in terms of its spread.

The report also suggested that the true number of -- largely unreported -- swine flu infections in Mexico, the outbreak's epicenter, possibly had already reached 32,000 by the end of April. The World Health Organization's official tally for Mexico stood Tuesday at 2,059 confirmed human infections, including 56 deaths.



The United States has now surpassed Mexico -- believed to be the source of the outbreak -- as the country most affected by the epidemic, according to World Health Organization statistics. As of Tuesday, the agency was reporting 5,251 confirmed cases of swine flu in 30 countries, with Canada, Spain and the United Kingdom having the most cases outside of the United States and Mexico.

Meanwhile in Mexico, federal health officials said Tuesday that the worst seemed to be over despite more deaths. The country's death toll rose Tuesday to 58 deaths and 2,282 confirmed cases of swine flu -- a rise of two deaths and 223 more cases since Monday. But Health Secretary Jose Angel Cordovan said this reflects a testing backlog: The last confirmed case was May 8, the Associated Press reported.

Also Tuesday, Swiss drug maker Roche Holding AG said it was donating enough Tamiflu for 5.65 million people to the World Health Organization.

credits: WWW.yahoo.com

percent HIV infections


Between 5-10 percent HIV infections is due blood transfusion

Dr. Geoffrey R. K. Nyamuame, Medical Superintendent of the Volta Regional Hospital on Monday said: "In our part of the world, between five to ten (5-10) per cent of HIV infections were transmitted through transfusion of contaminated blood." He said "many more recipients of blood are infected by Hepatitis B and C viruses, Syphilis and other infectious agents such as chagas". Dr. Nyamuame said this in a welcome address at the 2009 World Blood Donor Day celebration in Ho.It was under the theme; "one hundred per cent voluntary non-remunerated blood donation, with special focus on the youth". He said the problem could be addressed through the formation of voluntary blood donor clubs, as blood from such donors were identified as safe, because they were motivated solely by altruism and had no reason to conceal their lifestyles or medical conditions. Dr. Nyamuame said voluntary blood donation should be the ultimate humanitarian act, an altruistic gift and should never be a marketable commodity.He said apart from the Volta Regional Hospital, other hospitals in the region depended solely on a 100 per cent family replacement donation for transfusion; a situation he said was not pleasant. Mr. Vincent Fekpe, Volta Regional Blood Organizer appealed to churches and other voluntary organizations to put blood donation on their agenda.He also appealed to philanthropists to donate either in kind or cash to his outfit to enable them motivate voluntary blood donors. Mr. Michael Ayittey Siti of Ho, who had donated blood 26 times, was presented with a radio recorder and a certificate. Mr. Emmanuel Patu also of Ho and Mr. Harrison Asiamasco of Have rpt Have who donated blood 20 and 19 times respectively, were also presented with a radio recorder and standing fan respectively and certificates. Seventy-seven students from OLA Senior High School (SHS) donated blood to the Volta Regional Hospital as part of the celebration. A quiz competition which was organized as part of the day was won by OLA SHS.
Source:GNA

Painless treatment for prostate cancer debuts


Painless treatment for prostate cancer debuts

One in every seven men suffer from prostate cancer....
One in every seven men suffer from prostate cancer but many in the country are still unaware about the ailment and seek treatment only when the disease turns critical. City-based urologist Dr Ramesh Ramayya recently launched the non-invasive mode of treatment for prostate cancer through the robotic High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (Hifu) called Sonablate 500 HIFU in the city. This therapy destroys the cancerous tissue with rapid heat elevation by focusing ultrasound energy or sound waves at a specific location with temperatures rising to almost 90 degree Celsius in a matter of seconds. “A viable alternative to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound treatment is a painless procedure performed after a prostate specific antigen (PSA) or blood test and a digital rectal exam,” Dr Ramayya told reporters in the city on Tuesday. The duration of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound treatment differs depending on the size of prostate cancer. According to Dr Ramayya, the timing may vary between two and six hours. Claiming that the success rate is above 95 per cent, Dr Ramayya said even in case of patients with five per cent recurrence can be treated and cured. (Source: Deccan)

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# Skin, Abnormally Dark or Light

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Blushing/Flushing

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Care of, Men and (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Clammy

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Culture

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Dry

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Dry, Cold Weather and

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Hyperelastic

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Lesion, Aspiration of

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Lesion, Gram Stain

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Lesion, KOH Examination

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Oily, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Paleness

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Sagging, Treatment of

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Self-Examination

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Smoothing Surgery for

* Spanish Version

# Skin, Wrinkles: Comprehensive Version
# Sleep Apnea

* Spanish Version

# Sleep Apnea, CPAP Devices for (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Sleep Apnea, Central

* Spanish Version

# Sleep Apnea: Brief Version (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Sleep Apnea: Comprehensive Version
# Sleep Disorders

* Spanish Version

# Sleep Disorders in Children
# Sleep Disorders, Elderly

* Spanish Version

# Sleep Misbehaviors: Overview
# Sleep Problems
# Sleep Problems: Resource List
# Sleep Walking

* Spanish Version

# Sleep and Children: What's Normal?
# Sleep, Changes In Older Adults (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Sleep, Difficulty

* Spanish Version

# Sleep, Natural Short Sleeper

* Spanish Version

# Sleep-Wake Syndrome, Irregular

* Spanish Version

# Sleeping Sickness

* Spanish Version

# Sleepwalking

* Spanish Version

# Sleepwalking In Children (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Sleepwalking, Children and

* Spanish Version

# Sling, How to Make

* Spanish Version

# Sling: How to Use
# Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
# Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

* Spanish Version

# Slit-Lamp Examination

* Spanish Version

# Small Intestine, Aspirate and Culture

* Spanish Version

# Smallpox

* Spanish Version

# Smearing of Fecal Material
# Smell, Impaired

* Spanish Version

# Smokeless Tobacco
# Smoking, Facts For Teens (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Smoking, Hazards of

* Spanish Version

# Smoking, Quitting, Do I want to? (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Smoking, Quitting, in Recovering Alcoholics (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Smoking, Smokeless Tobacco Use

* Spanish Version

# Smoking, Steps to Break the Habit (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Smoking, Tips on How to Quit

* Spanish Version

# Smoking: Comprehensive Version
# Smoking: Ways to Quit
# Snapping Hip Syndrome

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Snapping Hip Syndrome Rehabilitation Exercises

* Image

# Sneezing

* Spanish Version

# Snoring

* Spanish Version

# Snowboarding, Tips (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Soap, Swallowing of

* Spanish Version

# Social Anxiety Disorder in Children and Teens
# Social Phobia

* Spanish Version

# Social Phobia

* Spanish Version

# Social Phobia: Resource List
# Social Support
# Sodium, Fractional Excretion of

* Spanish Version

# Sodium, Serum Test for

* Spanish Version

# Sodium, Urine Test for

* Spanish Version

# Soft Contact Lenses
# Soft Contact Lenses Insertion and Removal
# Soft Contact Lenses: Enzyme Cleaning
# Soft Contact Lenses: One-Step Peroxide Disinfection
# Soft Contact Lenses: Two-Step Peroxide Disinfection
# Soft Lenses: Thermal Disinfection
# Soft Tissue, Necrotizing Infection

* Spanish Version

# Soiling (Encopresis), in Children (AAFP)
# Solution Incompatibilities
# Somatization Disorder
# Somatization Disorder

* Spanish Version

# Somatoform Disorder, Coping with (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Somatoform Pain Disorder

* Spanish Version

# Sore Throat

* Spanish Version

# Sore Throat, Easing the Pain (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Spanking

* Spanish Version

# Spasmodic Dysphonia, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Spasms, Coronary Artery

* Spanish Version

# Spasms, Esophageal

* Spanish Version

# Spasms, Hand or Foot

* Spanish Version

# Spasms, Vascular

* Spanish Version

# Spasmus Nutans

* Spanish Version

# Spasticity

* Spanish Version

# Speech Disorders

* Spanish Version

# Speech Impairment, Adult

* Spanish Version

# Speech Problems: Normal vs. Stuttering

* Spanish Version

# Speech Problems: Resource List
# Speech and Language Delay (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Speech and Language Problems
# Sphincter, Inflatable Artificial

* Spanish Version

# Spina Bifida, Resources for

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Cord Injury, Resources for

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Cord Trauma

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Fusion
# Spinal Fusion

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Injury

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Instrumentation
# Spinal Muscular Atrophy

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Stenosis
# Spinal Stenosis

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Surgery, Cervical

* Spanish Version

# Spinal Surgery, Lumbar

* Spanish Version

# Spirituality, Health and (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Spitting Up

* Spanish Version

# Spitting Up In Babies (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Spleen, Removal of

* Spanish Version

# Splenectomy, Risk of Infections and (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Splenic Infarction, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Splenomegaly

* Spanish Version

# Splint, How To Make

* Spanish Version

# Splinter, Removal of

* Spanish Version

# Spoiled Children: Prevention
# Spondylitis, Ankylosing
# Spondyloarthropathies, Seronegative, Adult
# Spondyloarthropathies, Seronegative: Pediatric Version
# Spondylolisthesis

* Spanish Version

# Spondylolisthesis, Adolescent
# Spondylolisthesis, Degenerative
# Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Rehabilitation Exercises

* Image

# Spores, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Sporotrichosis

* Spanish Version

# Sports Hernia

* Image

# Sports, Women Athletes and, The Female Athlete Triad (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Sprain, Acute Cervical (Whiplash)
# Sprain, Ankle, Preventing Injury (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Sprain, Ankle: Brief Version
# Sprain, Elbow
# Sprain, Finger

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Sprain, Finger: Rehabilitation Exercises

* Image

# Sprain, Foot

* Image

# Sprain, Foot: Rehabilitation Exercises

* Image

# Sprain, Low Back
# Sprain, Midback
# Sprained Thumb

* Image

# Sprained Thumb:Rehabilitation Exercises

* Image

# Sprains

* Spanish Version

# Sprains

* Spanish Version

# Sputum, Culture, Routine

* Spanish Version

# Sputum, Fungal Smear

* Spanish Version

# Sputum, Gram Stain

* Spanish Version

# Statins

* Spanish Version

# Stealing
# Stem Cell Research

* Spanish Version

# Stent

* Spanish Version

# Stepparenting or Blended Families
# Stereotactic Radiosurgery

* Spanish Version

# Sterilization Surgery, Decisionmaking for

* Spanish Version

# Sternoclavicular Joint Separation

* Image

# Sternoclavicular Joint Separation Rehabilitation Exercises

* Image

# Steroid Medicines, Stopping Safely (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Still's Disease, Adult

* Spanish Version

# Stillbirth, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Stimulants, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Stimulus, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Stings, Bee

* Spanish Version

# Stings, Jellyfish

* Spanish Version

# Stings, Scorpion Fish

* Spanish Version

# Stings, Wasp

* Spanish Version

# Stomach Acid, Test for

* Spanish Version

# Stomatitis, Herpetic

* Spanish Version

# Stones, Bladder

* Spanish Version

# Stones, Kidney

* Spanish Version

# Stones, Salivary Duct

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Bloody or Tarry

* Spanish Version

# Stool, C Difficile Toxin Test for

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Floating

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Foul Smelling

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Gram Stain

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Guaiac Test for

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Ova and Parasites Examination

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Pale or Clay-Colored

* Spanish Version

# Stool, Trypsin and Chymotrypsin in

* Spanish Version

# Stork Bite

* Spanish Version

# Strabismus

* Image

# Strabismus

* Spanish Version

# Strabismus (Cross-Eyes) (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Strain, Back, Treatment of

* Spanish Version

# Strain, Muscle, Treatment of

* Spanish Version

# Strains

* Spanish Version

# Strength Training Basics^preventive Medicine

* Image

# Strength Training, Lower Body Exercises

* Image

# Strength Training, Upper Body Exercises

* Image

# Strep Infection, Group B, During Pregnancy (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Strep Throat

* Spanish Version

# Strep Throat (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Streptococcus, Screen for

* Spanish Version

# Stress
# Stress Echocardiogram
# Stress Fractures

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Stress Management
# Stress Management

* Spanish Version

# Stress Management: Brief Version

* Spanish Version

# Stress Management: Deep Breathing
# Stress Management: Mental Imaging
# Stress Management: Progressive Muscle Relaxation
# Stress Test, Thallium and Sestamibi

* Spanish Version

# Stress and Anxiety

* Spanish Version

# Stress in Childhood

* Spanish Version

# Stress in Children and Teens
# Stress vs Anxiety

* Spanish Version

# Stress, Caregiver (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Stress, Coping with (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Stress, How to Cope (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Stress, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Stress, Post-Traumatic, After a Traffic Accident (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Stress: Comprehensive Version
# Stretching

* Image

# Stretching and Strengthening Exercises After Delivery

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Striae

* Spanish Version

# Stridor

* Spanish Version

# String Test

* Spanish Version

# Stroke

* Spanish Version

# Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)

* Image

# Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident; CVA): Comprehensive Version
# Stroke, Hemorrhagic

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Rehabilitation (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Related to Cocaine Use

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Secondary to Atherosclerosis

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Secondary to Cardiogenic Embolism

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Secondary to Carotid Dissection

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Secondary to Carotid Stenosis

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Secondary to FMD

* Spanish Version

# Stroke, Secondary to Syphilis

* Spanish Version

# Stroke: Brief Version

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Strongyloidiasis

* Spanish Version

# Sturge-Weber Syndrome

* Spanish Version

# Stuttering

* Spanish Version

# Stye

* Image

# Subacute Combined Degeneration

* Spanish Version

# Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

* Image

* Spanish Version

# Subcutaneous, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Subluxation, Radial Head (Nursemaid's Elbow, Supermarket Elbow)
# Substance Abuse (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Substance Abuse, Maternal

* Spanish Version

# Substance Abuse: Resource List
# Substance Abuse: Treating Teens
# Substance Use During Pregnancy: Brief Version

* Spanish Version

# Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder
# Substance-Induced Mood Disorder
# Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

* Spanish Version

# Sugar-Water Hemolysis, Test for

* Spanish Version

# Suggested Reading Activities
# Suicide
# Suicide and Suicidal Behavior

* Spanish Version

# Suicide in Children and Teens
# Sunburn

* Spanish Version

# Sunburn, First Aid for

* Spanish Version

# Sunglasses
# Sunscreen, Swallowing of

* Spanish Version

# Superior Vena Cava Obstruction

* Spanish Version

# Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Surgeon, Choosing a Qualified

* Spanish Version

# Surgery, Pain Control After, Medicines for (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Surgical Excision, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Sutures, Cranial

* Spanish Version

# Sutures, Ridged

* Spanish Version

# Sutures, Separated

* Spanish Version

# Swallowing, Difficulty

* Spanish Version

# Swallowing, Painful

* Spanish Version

# Swearing
# Sweat Electrolytes, Test for

* Spanish Version

# Sweating

* Spanish Version

# Sweating, Absent

* Spanish Version

# Swelling

* Spanish Version

# Swelling, Facial

* Spanish Version

# Swelling, Foot, Leg, and Ankle

* Spanish Version

# Swelling, Joints

* Spanish Version

# Swelling, Scrotal

* Spanish Version

# Swimmer's Ear

* Spanish Version

# Swimmer's Ear, Chronic

* Spanish Version

# Swimming and Water Exercise
# Sydenham Chorea

* Spanish Version

# Symptomatic, Definition of

* Spanish Version

# Syndactyly
# Synovial Fluid, Analysis

* Spanish Version

# Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular (PVNS) (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Synovitis, Toxic

* Spanish Version

# Synovitis, Transient, of The Hip (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis, Congenital

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis, Primary

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis, Secondary

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis, Tertiary

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis, VDRL Test for

* Spanish Version

# Syphilis: Brief Version (AAFP)

* Spanish Version

# Syphilitic Myelopathy

* Spanish Version

# Syringomyelia

* Spanish Version

# Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

* Spanish Version

# Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and the Heart
# Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Resources for

* Spanish Version

# Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Comprehensive Version
# Systemic, Definition of

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